# How do I calculate d20 success probability using the Halfling ‘lucky’ trait with (dis)advantage?

Here is a comprehensive DPR calculator, and here is the mathematics behind it. I’m trying to follow along with the equations.

At the bottom of the second page are formulas for success probability $L$ of a Halfling (who has luck) in normal circumstances and with advantage and disadvantage: $$L = P + \frac{1}{20}P,$$ $$L_{adv} = P_{adv} + \left(\frac{2}{20}(1 – P) – \frac{1}{400}\right)P,$$ $$L_{dis} = P_{dis} + \frac{2}{20}P^2,$$ where:

• $P$ is the probability of succeeding on any single roll,
• $P_{adv} = 1 – (1 – P)^2$ is the probability of succeeding with advantage (not failing both rolls), and
• $P_{dis} = P^2$ is the probability of succeeding with disadvantage (succeeding both rolls).

The $P$ s are quite easy to derive, and $L$ is just passing outright OR [rolling a 1 AND THEN passing]: $$P + \left(\frac{1}{20}*P\right).$$ But I’m struggling with deriving $L_{adv}$ and $L_{dis}$ . Please can someone show a derivation?