I have setup ZFS RAID0 Setup for PostgreSQL database. The Storage and Instances are in AWS EC2 and EBS volumes.
NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE EXPANDSZ FRAG CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT pgpool 479G 289G 190G - 70% 60% 1.00x ONLINE - xvdf 59.9G 36.6G 23.3G - 71% 61% xvdg 59.9G 34.7G 25.2G - 70% 57% xvdh 59.9G 35.7G 24.2G - 71% 59% xvdi 59.9G 35.7G 24.2G - 71% 59% xvdj 59.9G 36.3G 23.6G - 71% 60% xvdk 59.9G 36.5G 23.4G - 71% 60% xvdl 59.9G 36.6G 23.3G - 71% 61% xvdm 59.9G 36.6G 23.2G - 71% 61% Previously the FRAG is at 80% on most the devices and we have suffered a heavy write IOPS. As the pool capacity is previously at 75% utilization (400GB), provisioned additional 10GB to each device (400GB + 80GB). Now the FRAG is reduced to 70%. Once important metric is that the write IOPS is much lesser for the same workload.
As per the Cloudwatch metrics after increase in EBS size, write IOPS drastically reduced to 1200 – 1400 IOPS from 4000 IOPS for Master PG and reduced to 600 IOPS from 3000 IOPS for Slave PG. I have suspected that this is due to how FRAG affects IO as explained in this answer.
We have set recordsize=128K as the compressratio is much better than recordsize=8K. I think due to higher recordsize, FRAG is increased quickly and results in write amplification and heavy write IOPS. Will decreasing the record size would prevent write amplification or any other problem which I am missing?
ZPOOL Props
ubuntu@ip-10-0-1-59:~$ sudo zpool get all NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE pgpool size 479G - pgpool capacity 60% - pgpool altroot - default pgpool health ONLINE - pgpool guid 1565875598252756833 - pgpool version - default pgpool bootfs - default pgpool delegation on default pgpool autoreplace off default pgpool cachefile - default pgpool failmode wait default pgpool listsnapshots off default pgpool autoexpand on local pgpool dedupditto 0 default pgpool dedupratio 1.00x - pgpool free 190G - pgpool allocated 289G - pgpool readonly off - pgpool ashift 0 default pgpool comment - default pgpool expandsize - - pgpool freeing 0 - pgpool fragmentation 71% - pgpool leaked 0 - pgpool multihost off default pgpool feature@async_destroy enabled local pgpool feature@empty_bpobj enabled local pgpool feature@lz4_compress active local pgpool feature@multi_vdev_crash_dump enabled local pgpool feature@spacemap_histogram active local pgpool feature@enabled_txg active local pgpool feature@hole_birth active local pgpool feature@extensible_dataset active local pgpool feature@embedded_data active local pgpool feature@bookmarks enabled local pgpool feature@filesystem_limits enabled local pgpool feature@large_blocks enabled local pgpool feature@large_dnode enabled local pgpool feature@sha512 enabled local pgpool feature@skein enabled local pgpool feature@edonr enabled local pgpool feature@userobj_accounting active local ZFS Props
ubuntu@ip-10-0-1-59:~$ sudo zfs get all NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE pgpool type filesystem - pgpool creation Mon Oct 8 18:45 2018 - pgpool used 289G - pgpool available 175G - pgpool referenced 288G - pgpool compressratio 5.06x - pgpool mounted yes - pgpool quota none default pgpool reservation none default pgpool recordsize 128K default pgpool mountpoint /mnt/PGPOOL local pgpool sharenfs off default pgpool checksum on default pgpool compression lz4 local pgpool atime off local pgpool devices on default pgpool exec on default pgpool setuid on default pgpool readonly off default pgpool zoned off default pgpool snapdir hidden default pgpool aclinherit restricted default pgpool createtxg 1 - pgpool canmount on default pgpool xattr sa local pgpool copies 1 default pgpool version 5 - pgpool utf8only off - pgpool normalization none - pgpool casesensitivity sensitive - pgpool vscan off default pgpool nbmand off default pgpool sharesmb off default pgpool refquota none default pgpool refreservation none default pgpool guid 571000568545391306 - pgpool primarycache all default pgpool secondarycache all default pgpool usedbysnapshots 0B - pgpool usedbydataset 288G - pgpool usedbychildren 364M - pgpool usedbyrefreservation 0B - pgpool logbias throughput local pgpool dedup off default pgpool mlslabel none default pgpool sync standard default pgpool dnodesize legacy default pgpool refcompressratio 5.07x - pgpool written 288G - pgpool logicalused 1.42T - pgpool logicalreferenced 1.42T - pgpool volmode default default pgpool filesystem_limit none default pgpool snapshot_limit none default pgpool filesystem_count none default pgpool snapshot_count none default pgpool snapdev hidden default pgpool acltype off default pgpool context none default pgpool fscontext none default pgpool defcontext none default pgpool rootcontext none default pgpool relatime off default pgpool redundant_metadata most local pgpool overlay off default 